An Unobtrusive Method for Gaze Tracking (N. Chitrik & Y. Schwartzburg)

Nava Chitrik and Yuliy Schwartzburg have in partial fulfillment of their Senior Design Project Requirements constructed a low-cost approach for remote eye tracking at the Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art, Electrical Engineering Department.

"The line of a person's gaze is known to have many important applications in artificial intelligence (AI) and video conferencing but determining where a user is looking is still a very challenging problem. Traditionally, gaze trackers have been implemented with devices worn around the user's head, but more recent advances in the field use unobtrusive methods, i.e. an external video camera, to obtain information about where a person is looking. We have developed a simplified gaze tracking system using a single camera and a single point source mounted compactly in the view of the user, a large simplification over previous methods which have used a plurality of each. Furthermore, our algorithms are robust enough to allow head motion and our image processing functions are designed to extract data even from low-resolution or noisy video streams. Our system also has the computational advantage of working with very small image sizes, reducing the amount of resources needed for gaze tracking, freeing them up for applications that might utilize this information.

To reiterate: The main differences between this implementation and similar implementations are that this system uses a histogram method as opposed to edge detection to work with very low resolution video extremely quickly. However, it requires an infrared camera and infrared LED's. (Which can be purchased for less than 25 dollars online.)"

View on YouTube

Journal of Eye Movement Research: Special issue on eye tracking now online.

The special issue on "Eye Tracking and Usability Research" in the Journal of Eye Movement Research is now online. It features the following articles:

• Helmert, J. R., Pannasch, S. & Velichkovsky, B. M. (2008). Eye tracking and Usability Research: an introduction to the special issue (editorial). Download as PDF.


• Castellini, C. (2008). Gaze Tracking in Semi-Autonomous Grasping. Download as PDF


• Helmert, J. R., Pannasch, S. & Velichkovsky, B. M. (2008). Influences of dwell time and cursor control on the performance in gaze driven typing. Download as PDF.


• Huckauf, A. & Urbina, M. H. (2008). On object selection in gaze controlled environments. Download as PDF.


• Hyrskykari, A. & Ovaska, S., Majaranta, P., Räihä, K.-J. & Lehtinen, M. (2008). Gaze Path Stimulation in Retrospective Think-Aloud. Download as PDF.


• Pannasch, S., Helmert, J.R., Malischke, S., Storch, A. & Velichkovsky, B.M. (2008). Eye typing in application: A comparison of two systems with ALS patients. Download as PDF.


• Zambarbieri, D., Carniglia, E. & Robino, C. (2008). Eye Tracking Analysis in Reading Online Newspapers. Download as PDF.

Our gaze controlled robot on the DR News

The Danish National Television "TV-Avisen" episode on our gaze controlled robot was broadcasted Friday 22nd November for the nine o´ clock news. Alternative versions (resolution) of the video clip can be found at the DR site.

View video

Eye movement control of remote robot

Yesterday we demonstrated our gaze navigated robot at the Microsoft Robotics event here at ITU Copenhagen. The "robot" transmits a video which is displayed on a client computer. By using an eye tracker we can direct the robot towards where the user is looking. The concept allows for a human-machine interaction with a direct mapping of the users intention. The Danish National TV (DR) came by today and recorded a demonstration. It will be shown tonight at the nine o´ clock news. Below is a video that John Paulin Hansen recorded yesterday which demonstrates the system. Please notice that the frame-rate of the video stream was well below average at the time of recording. It worked better today. In the coming week we'll look into alternative solutions (suggestions appreciated) The projects has been carried out in collaboration with Alexandre Alapetite from DTU. His low-cost, LEGO-based rapid mobile robot prototype, gives interesting possibilities to test some human-computer and human-robot interaction.

The virgin tour around the ITU office corridor (on YouTube)

Available on YouTube

A framework for gaze selection techniques (Tonder et al., 2008)

Martin van Tonder, Charmain Cilliers and Jean Greyling at the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, South Africa presented a platform independent framework in the proceedings of the 2008 annual research conference of the South African Institute of Computer Scientists. The framework is platform independent (relying on Java) and supports multiple interaction methods such as Kumars EyePoint, popups, as well as data logging and visualization.

Abstract
Experimental gaze interaction techniques are typically prototyped from scratch using proprietary libraries provided by the manufacturers of eye tracking equipment. These libraries provide gaze data interfaces, but not any of the additional infrastructure that is common to the implementation of such techniques. This results in an unnecessary duplication of effort. In this paper, a framework for implementing gaze selection techniques is presented. It consists of two components: a gaze library to interface with the tracker and a set of classes which can be extended to implement different gaze selection techniques. The framework is tracker and operating system independent, ensuring compatibility with a wide range of systems. Support for user testing is also built into the system, enabling researchers to automate the presentation of est targets to users and record relevant test data. These features greatly simplify the process of implementing and evaluating new interaction techniques. The practicality and flexibility of the framework are demonstrated by the successful implementation of a number of gaze selection
techniques.

• van Tonder, M., Cilliers, C., and Greyling, J. 2008. A framework for gaze selection techniques. In Proceedings of the 2008 Annual Research Conference of the South African institute of Computer Scientists and information Technologists on IT Research in Developing Countries: Riding the Wave of Technology (Wilderness, South Africa, October 06 - 08, 2008). SAICSIT '08, vol. 338. ACM, New York, NY, 267-275. DOI= http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1456659.1456690

Wearable Augmented Reality System using Gaze Interaction (Park et al., 2008)

Hyung Min Park, Seok Han Lee and Jong Soo Choi from the Graduate School of Advanced Imaging Science, Multimedia & Film at the University of Chung-Ang, Korea presented a paper on their Wearable Augmented Reality System (WARS) at the 7th IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality. They use a half-blink mode (called "aging") for selection which is detected by their custom eye tracking algorithms. See the end of the video.

Abstract

Undisturbed interaction is essential to provide immersive AR environments. There have been a lot of approaches to interact with VEs (virtual environments) so far, especially in hand metaphor. When the user‟s hands are being used for hand-based work such as maintenance and repair, necessity of alternative interaction technique has arisen. In recent research, hands-free gaze information is adopted to AR to perform original actions in concurrence with interaction. [3, 4]. There has been little progress on that research, still at a pilot study in a laboratory setting. In this paper, we introduce such a simple WARS(wearable augmented reality system) equipped with an HMD, scene camera, eye tracker. We propose „Aging‟ technique improving traditional dwell-time selection, demonstrate AR gallery – dynamic exhibition space with wearable system.

Download paper as PDF.

Gaze vs. Mouse in Games: The Effects on User Experience (Gowases T, Bednarik R, Tukiainen M)

Tersia Gowases, Roman Bednarik (blog) and Markku Tukiainen at the Department of Computer Science and Statistics, University of Joensuu, Finland got a paper published in the proceedings for the 16th International Conference on Computers in Education (ICCE).

"We did a simple questionnaire-based analysis. The results of the analysis show some promises for implementing gaze-augmented problem-solving interfaces. Users of gaze-augmented interaction felt more immersed than the users of other two modes - dwell-time based and computer mouse. Immersion, engagement, and user-experience in general are important aspects in educational interfaces; learners engage in completing the tasks and, for example, when facing a difficult task they do not give up that easily. We also did analysis of the strategies, and we will report on those soon. We could not attend the conference, but didn’t want to disappoint eventual audience. We thus decided to send a video instead of us. " (from Romans blog)

Abstract

"The possibilities of eye-tracking technologies in educational gaming are seemingly endless. The question we need to ask is what the effects of gaze-based interaction on user experience, strategy during learning and problem solving are. In this paper we evaluate the effects of two gaze based input techniques and mouse based interaction on user experience and immersion. In a between-subject study we found that although mouse interaction is the easiest and most natural way to interact during problemsolving, gaze-based interaction brings more subjective immersion. The findings provide a support for gaze interaction methods into computer-based educational environments." Download paper as PDF.

Some of this research has also been presented within the COGAIN association, see:

• Gowases Tersia (2007) Gaze vs. Mouse: An evaluation of user experience and planning in problem solving games. Master’s thesis May 2, 2007. Department of Computer Science, University of Joensuu, Finland. Download as PDF

The Conductor Interaction Method (Rachovides et al)

Interesting concept combining gaze input with hand gestures by Dorothy Rachovides at the Digital World Research Centre together with James Walkerdine and Peter Phillips at the Computing Department Lancaster University.

"This article proposes an alternative interaction method, the conductor interaction method (CIM), which aims to provide a more natural and easier-to-learn interaction technique. This novel interaction method extends existing HCI methods by drawing upon techniques found in human-human interaction. It is argued that the use of a two-phased multimodal interaction mechanism, using gaze for selection and gesture for manipulation, incorporated within a metaphor-based environment, can provide a viable alternative for interacting with a computer (especially for novice users). Both the model and an implementation of the CIM within a system are presented in this article. This system formed the basis of a number of user studies that have been performed to assess the effectiveness of the CIM, the findings of which are discussed in this work.


More specifically the CIM aims to provide the following.

—A More Natural Interface. The CIM will have an interface that utilizes gaze and gestures, but is nevertheless capable of supporting sophisticated activities. The CIM provides an interaction technique that is as natural as possible and is close to the human-human interaction methods with which users are already familiar. The combination of gaze and gestures allows the user to perform not only simple interactions with a computer, but also more complex interacones such as the selecting, editing, and placing of media objects.



—A Metaphor Supported Interface. In order to help the user understand and exploit the gaze and gesture interface, two metaphors have been developed. An orchestra metaphor is used to provide the environment in which the user interacts. A conductor metaphor is used for interacting within this environment. These two metaphors are discussed next.

—A Two-Phased Interaction Method. The CIM uses an interaction process where each modality is specific and has a particular function. The interaction between user and interface can be seen as a dialog that is comprised of two phases. In the first phase, the user selects the on-screen object by gazing at it. In the second phase, with the gesture interface the user is able to manipulate the selected object. These distinct functions of gaze and gesture aim to increase system usability, as they are based on human-human interaction techniques, and also help to overcome issues such as the Midas Touch problem that often experienced by look-and-dwell systems. As the dialog combines two modalities in sequence, the gaze interface can be disabled after the first phase. This minimizes the possibility of accidentally selecting objects through the gaze interface. The Midas Touch problem can also be further addressed by ensuring that there is ample dead space between media objects.

—Significantly Reduced Learning Overhead. The CIM aims to reduce the overhead of learning to use the system by encouraging the use of gestures that users can easily associate with activities they perform in their everyday life. This transfer of experience can lead to a smaller learning overhead [Borchers 1997], allowing users to make the most of the system’s features in a shorter time.

• Rachovides, D., Walkerdine, J., and Phillips, P. 2007. The conductor interaction method. ACM Trans. Multimedia Comput. Commun. Appl. 3, 4 (Dec. 2007), 1-23. DOI= http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1314303.1314312

Gaze and Voice Based Game Interaction (Wilcox et al., 2008)

"We present a 3rd person adventure puzzle game using a novel combination of non intrusive eyetracking technology and voice recognition for game communication. Figure 1 shows the game, and its first person sub games that make use of eye tracker functionality in contrasting ways: a catapult challenge (a) and a staring competition(b)."

"There are two different modes of control in the main game. The user can select objects by looking at them and perform ’look’, ’pickup’, ’walk’, ’speak’, ’use’ and other commands by vocalizing there respective words. Alternatively, they can perform each command by blinking and winking at objects. To play the catapult game for example, the user must look at the target and blink, wink or drag to fire a projectile towards the object under the crosshair. "

Their work was presented at the ACM SIGGRAPH 2008 with the associated poster:

• Wilcox, T., Evans, M., Pearce, C., Pollard, N., and Sundstedt, V. 2008. Gaze and voice based game interaction: the revenge of the killer penguins. In ACM SIGGRAPH 2008 Posters (Los Angeles, California, August 11 - 15, 2008).

Low cost open source eye tracking from Argentina

By using low cost webcams such as the Lifecam VX-100 or similar this person from Argentina have produced an eye tracker capable of running the Gaze Talk interface. The total cost for the eye tracker hardware is US$ 40-50. The software runs on a typical desktop or laptop computer using the OpenCV based image processing algorithms.

"My goal is to develop an open source system that enables people with severe motor disabilities to interact with the computer using their eye movements."

The project is running for another three weeks and the outcome will be very interesting. Check out the development blog at http://www.eyegazetracking.com/